This interesting article in a Dec 26, 2009 Wall Street Journal talks about the very real limits of the prefrontal cortex, which controls things like willpower, resolutions, and the ability to focus ones attention. The metaphor used is that of “willpower-as-muscle,” and the cortex can easily be asked to do too many things, much as a muscle can be asked to lift too much, or be strained for too long. The article talks about the very real necessity of energy (food). Skipping meals makes it significantly harder to, say, quit cigarettes. Distraction can play an important role to control willpower. Since the mind can only focus on so many things at once, those who are able to replace temptations with other thoughts fare significantly better at resisting them. Finally, the cortex can be strengthened just like a real muscle. Students asked to improve their posture for two weeks showed a marked improvement on subsequent measures of self-control. This suggests that practicing mental discipline in one area enhances abilities in other areas. I would like to study this entire area in greater depth, particularly since one of my interests for 2010 is to stay within my limits more, and do more things, or do them better through greater attention, by maintaining boundaries and respecting limitations.
The Limits of the Prefrontal Cortex
January 25th, 2010The Mystery of Unbelief
January 3rd, 2010Belief ranks high among the mysteries of what it means to be human. This is such a murky topic that we have to start with a definition, and the one which I will use is “Confidence and reliance without evidence or proof; acceptance based on testimony or authority.”
An atheist friend of mine once told me, “I would believe in God if he appeared right now, in front of me.” He made this declaration as both a promise and a challenge to God. God did not see fit to comply, so his unbelief persists. I quietly laughed to myself. A visual appearance is no guarantee of anything, as some of the disciples discovered for themselves when Christ rose from the dead and appeared to them. Jesus accepted the difficulty of the matter, eating fish in their presence to show them he was not a ghost. Another persisted in his unbelief: “I don’t believe my eyes, so I won’t believe until I touch his wounds with my own hands.” Christ said, “come and touch them; don’t persist in your unbelief but believe.” He touched them and declared “my God!” Still others continued in their unbelief after all this. Even when they witnessed Christ ascend into heaven some of the disciples “still doubted.” Seeing, touching, hearing – a complete reliance upon the senses is certainly no guarantee of belief.
Of course we can disbelieve that any of those events even transpired at all. But even atheists are faced with the challenge of disbelief on a regular basis. Many atheists think of themselves as highly intelligent and enlightened, certainly much more enlightened than the silly fools who would accept the testimony of a group of folks from two thousand years ago. Yet there is something about being human which makes it difficult to cast off the need for myth, ritual and belief. Many atheists have their own religion – science, and the priests of their religion are scientists. And so the revelation of science becomes their dogma. Even so, I have encountered the mystery of unbelief here, too. I have presented the results of scientific studies to them which conflict with their own thoughts of things. “Well, I don’t believe that,” they have told me. “Believe what?” I ask, “the scientists who conducted the research? The data which they gathered?” What exactly are you not “believing” when you disbelieve what your priests and your religion are serving up for you? The result can only be a profoundly narcissistic retreat into the prison of one’s own mind, where one can only accept one’s own thoughts, which are generated not from external reality, or from the testimony and witness of others, but from a simple, fantastical wish of how one wants things to be.
If there were a God, you’d think he would be most interested in revealing himself to help save man from himself. For the believing Christian, two thousand years of a Judaic revelation history of covenants, prophets, judges and kings culminating in the fullness of time by the incarnation of God as a human person, followed by another two thousand years of salvation history expressed as testimony and authority, offer more than enough substance for an engaged, active belief. But it comes at the cost of a certain kind of violence against the lower nature of man which, for the astute, is itself a sign of authenticity.
“We are giving our testimony to what we have seen, heard and touched with our own hands – the Word of life, so that you may share our life.” (1 John 1.1-2)
The Power of Placebos
October 18th, 2009Placebo – Article in 10/09 issue of Wired, UK edition, talking about the latest problems drug companies are facing with the very real phenomenon of placebos and how they interfere with drug trials. Placebos work because they affect the brain’s expectation system and the consequent release of healing agents. Imagine that a fire alarm goes off and you spot smoke. An entire flood of chemicals is released in the body simply out of the expectation that action will be required. Placebos work in the same manner. What is even more fascinating is that the color, shape, size, quantity and expense of the pill affect its efficacy. Even more, there are differences across types of disease and the effects vary according to country.
Many will remember Michael Fox championing a new drug for Parkinson’s. What is less well known is that the drug was abruptly removed from Phase II trials after it failed unexpectedly against placebos. That’s right – a placebo can reduce the consequences of Parkinson’s disease, such as shaking, just as well or better than drugs coming out of multi-million dollar research programs.
In the book ___ [return and cite] we read about a study conducted in the 50’s where it was shown that those receiving a certain type of open heart surgery fared nearly as well if the surgery didn’t actually occur. This was met with great skepticism. Much more recently, an orthoscoptic surgeon was able to prove that those who believed they were getting their knees scoped (cartilage removed) fared just as well, incredibly, as those who did. Their pain lessened and mobility returned just as well as those receiving the surgery, simply because they received anesthesia and small incisions were made in their knees to make them believe they were repaired.
We have barely begun tapping the awesome healing power of the brain, mostly because we simply refuse to believe it has such power. Scientists faced with the hard evidence from some of the most rigorous studies on the subject ever conducted absolutely refuse to believe the data because it collides so severely with their own dogmatic beliefs about how things should be.
Resources
October 3rd, 2009Top 10 Web Collaboration Tools (that aren’t Google Wave)
TweetMeme – the most useful way to discover what the world is talking about this moment
Coffee for Health
October 3rd, 2009An ongoing area of interest for me is neuroscience. Some time ago I read that some neuroscientists drink coffee simply for health benefits – to ward off dementia. The scientific evidence is stacking up, and now a recent study shows that coffee may actually reverse Alzheimer’s. Black tea also has been shown to have significant cognitive health benefits. Oddly, in the black tea studies I have read, “coffee has not been shown to have the same benefits.” Likewise, in the coffee studies, black tea is not as effective.



Greed, Vanity and Altruism
October 18th, 2009I have discovered through personal experience that one very effective way to combat greed is to view possessions, particularly money, as nothing more than tools. Viewing possessions in this way, as having purpose and not as ends in themselves, one remains detached yet necessarily responsible. Money is a tool.
The same goes with care of the body. In our culture today we are witnessing the cult of the body, the hyperbolic emphasis on self-care, the worship of the flesh and its pleasures, which invariably ends in profound unhappiness because we are quite literally not wired to find joy in making ourselves gods. How is this to be balanced with the responsibility we have to care for ourselves? The most effective way to combat vanity is to view one’s body as being for others. I keep myself physically fit so I can be of use to my elderly neighbors. When they need assistance with lawn care I have an able body to put into action. If I didn’t care for myself I wouldn’t be able to help them. If I stayed fit purely for vanities sake I wouldn’t even notice their need.
We are entering into a remarkable period which has science at profound variance with marketing and consumerism. In the bookstore today I saw advertising signs saying It Really Is All About You! Yet the magazine stand had current issues of Scientific American Mind magazine and Psychology Today which had articles about how the way out of depression is to give yourself away in relationships and how altruism is healthy for the brain.
Altruism can have a profound effect on the social networks in which you move. Of course so can negative contagions such as drug use or crime. However social theorists can now show that human networks over time expel and marginalize individuals bringing such contagion to the network in an attempt to limit the harm it does to the whole. Altruistic individuals, on the other hand, tend to increase and deepen their relationships. The network, recognizing value in these persons, move them deeper into the middle where they exert even greater influence on the whole. This redounds in enormous benefits for the person, increasing their health, happiness and longevity.
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